Characteristics of novel urban vegetation in two Portuguese urban regions

Urban novel ecosystems were sampled across vacant sites in two Portuguese urban regions. The flora studied with a focus on species’ origin, life form, ecological, chorological and naturalisation types. A multivariate constrained ordination technique was used to identify relationships between plant composition environmental factors. vegetation of the regions shows differences, highlighting biome influence, as well due climatic variables (to lesser degree) soil characteristics lithology. Although native species are clearly dominant, frequency non-native is high most potentially or effectively invasive. In ecological spectrum, dominance opportunistic ruderal suggests risk biotic homogenisation these ecosystems, which also noticeable analysis but less nativeness spectra. are, therefore, simultaneously an opportunity, since spontaneous management more cost effective can bring wilderness cities; hazard, because invasive must be controlled support biodiversity conservation efforts.